[筆記] note #歐洲議會 #熱裂解 #再生能源 #生質能源 - CityNight板

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作者 Ctea (Ctea)
標題 [筆記] note #歐洲議會 #熱裂解 #再生能源 #生質能源
時間 2015-08-31 Mon. 14:16:22

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31999D0698&from=EN

4. 90 % (by volume) of plastic and metal materials in the housing and chassis shall be technically recyclable. Recycling in this context refers to reuse, material recycling, or chemical recycling (e.g. pyrolysis, gasification). Metallisation of plastic parts is allowed.

#推定資源回收

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=URISERV:l21061&from=EN
Motor vehicles: use of biofuels

Content of the Directive

The Directive sets a minimum percentage of biofuels to replace diesel or petrol for transport purposes in each Member State. It is a question of reducing conventional emissions of CO2 (carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOC (volatile organic compounds) and other particles which are toxic for health and the environment.

The different types of biofuels are as follows:

bioethanol: produced by the fermentation of plants rich in sugar/starch;

biodiesel: a diesel-quality fuel produced from biomass or used frying oils and used as biofuel;

ETBE: etherised bioethanol;

biogas: a fuel gas produced by the fermentation of organic matter by bacterial populations in the absence of oxygen;

biomethanol: methanol produced from biomass;

bio-oil: an oil fuel produced by pyrolysis (molecular decomposition of biomass through the application of heat and in the absence of air).

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31993L0105&from=EN

For the substances manufactured outside the Community and for which, for the purpose of notification, the notifier has been designated as the manufacturer's sole representative, this information must be given for each of the importers identified under section O above.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006D0237
Services of General Economic Interest
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/legislation/sgei.html
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/overview/public_services_en.html
#SGEI

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52006AR0150(02)

Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on the Green Paper — A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy and on the Communication from the Commission — Biomass Action Plan and on the Communication from the Commission — An EU Strategy for Biofuels

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52013SC0158&from=EN

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Technology Assessment Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Energy Technologies and Innovation

Energy technology developments beyond 2020 for the transition to a decarbonised European energy system by 2050

There are several biomass conversion technologies at different stages of development, based on thermo-chemical (combustion, gasification and pyrolysis) and biochemical/biological (digestion and fermentation) processes.

Pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis is the conversion of biomass to a liquid bio-oil, solid and gaseous components. There are several technical challenges to the use of bio-oil. More research is needed for improving the quality the pyrolysis oil as bio-oils must be treated before use as fuel and can be upgraded into higher value fuels. However, pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading technology is not commercially available, although several pilot and demonstration plants are in operation. Research is needed on the conversion process, on the quality and use of the bio-oil, control of bio-oil composition, thermal stability and process reliability. The main challenges concern the development of new techniques and catalysts for bio-oil up-grading. Further development is needed for process integration; maximize bio oil yield; maximize energy recovery; emissions of pyrolysis oil combustion; cost efficiency.

The potential for cost reductions of biomass power generation varies, depending on the technology and potential for improvement (Figure 6.2). Many bioenergy technologies are mature and are not likely to undergo significant technological change as there is no much scope for improvement, and cost reductions through scale-up will be modest. The new technologies (gasification, pyrolysis, ORC) that are emerging and have not yet been deployed on a large scale, show significant potential for further cost reduction. Capital cost reductions for biomass co-firing, stand-alone direct combustion technologies (grate/BFB/CFB boilers) will be more modest. AD technologies could benefit from greater commercialisation and some process improvements. The co-production of chemicals, materials, food and feed in biorefineries can generate additional economic benefits for the production of lignocellulosic biofuels, biogas, heat and electricity.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52013SC0158&from=EN
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31987D0195&from=EN

87/195/EEC: Commission Decision of 3 December 1986 on a proposal by the Belgian Government to grant aid for investments by a flat-glass producer at Moustier (Only the French and Dutch texts are authentic)

It should be noted in this connection that coated glass can be made using two different processes, either by vacuum deposit in processing units or by pyrolysis on flat-glass production lines. The two processes result in products whose composition differs but whose uses are partly the same, namely insulation in buildings. In view of the undoubted surplus capacity in the coated and tempered glass field, the Commission determined by Decision 84/507/EEC (3), that aid which the Luxembourg Government was proposing to grant for the establishment of a flat-glass coating and tempering plant was incompatible with the common market and should therefore not be granted.

(2) Among the industrial plants referred to under heading A, point 3 of Annex I, special reference is made, in the case of chloroform, to plants manufacturing monomer vinyl chloride using dichlorethane pyrolysis, those producing bleached pulp and other plants using CHCl3 as a solvent and plants in which cooling waters or other effluents are chlorinated. The Council shall adopt limit values for these sectors at a later stage, acting on proposals from the Commission.

#PVC

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013DC0561
2.1.3. Bio-based products

Establishing an Internal Market for bio-based products requires standards development and updated regulations. The Commission expects the ESOs to continue working on mandates for bio-fuels and bio-based products, including bio-fuels in general, as well as on specific mandates for bio-polymers, lubricants, solvents and surfactants. Pre-normative research for the development of test methods applicable to the measurement of bio-based content, functionalities and sustainability criteria of innovative bio-based products e.g. bio-polymers, lubricants, solvents and surfactants, is also to be considered. Pyrolysis oils and algae could also be areas for standardisation linked to bio-fuels products.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32000R2870

This 60-ml dilution is sufficient for spirits containing less than 250 g of dry extract per litre. Otherwise, to prevent pyrolysis, the volume of rinse water must be at least 70 ml if the dry extract concentration is 300 g/l, 85 ml for 400 g/l dry extract, and 100 ml for 500 g/l dry extract (some fruit liqueurs or crèmes). Adjust these volumes proportionally for different sample volumes.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:02009R0428-20090827&from=EN
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32012R0388
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014R1382
‘Fusible’ (1) means capable of being cross-linked or polymerized further (cured) by the use of heat, radiation, catalysts, etc., or that can be melted without pyrolysis (charring).

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32004D0156
4. Fuels whose components and intermediate products have all been produced from biomass, inter alia:

- bioethanol,

- biodiesel,

- etherised bioethanol,

- biomethanol,

- biodimethylether,

- bio-oil (a pyrolysis oil fuel) and biogas.

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※ 作者: Ctea 時間: 2015-08-31 14:16:22

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/feb/25/eiffel-tower-embraces-wind-power
Eiffel tower embraces wind power

US-based renewable energy company has successfully installed two vertical axis wind turbines on the iconic tower, BusinessGreen reports

#可再生能源 #巴黎鐵塔 #風力 #法國

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-03-08 17:01:57 (台灣)

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